Frequently Asked Questions

WHO ARE THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED ROMAN-RUTHENIAN CHURCH?
Find out by following this link!

Q: What is the official status of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church?

The United Roman-Ruthenian Church is a canonical autocephalous patriarchal Apostolic Church of ancient Orthodox and Catholic origins. The United Roman-Ruthenian Church is not a new creation, but a contemporary expression of an ancient Apostolic inheritance. Its official timeline begins with the founding of the Church in AD 33, and its authority derives from preserved Apostolic succession received through the ancient patriarchates of Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem, and their historic extensions into Rus’ and the Americas. The URRC is a derivative patriarchate formed by the convergence of these ancient lines, united not by innovation but by continuity of faith, order, and sacramental life. Its various constituent jurisdictions merged in 2023 to form the modern United Roman-Ruthenian Church.

The Holy Apostolic See of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church is under the patronage of Saints Peter, Andrew, Stephen, and Mark, reflecting both its Eastern and Western inheritance: Peter as patron of Rome, Andrew as apostle of the East and of Ruthenia, Stephen as patron of the Diocese of Rome-Ruthenia, the main episcopal jurisdiction of the Roman-Ruthenian Pope, and Mark as founder of Aquileia and patron of the papal Metropolitan See. Through Apostolic succession, ecclesial grants, and formal recognitions received over time, the URRC inherited not only orders but jurisdiction, autocephaly, and custodial responsibility for the Petrine inheritance within the Latin Orthodox tradition. Its present form represents consolidation rather than invention: a gathering of ancient streams into a single custodial Church, preserving intact what was received.

Q: What are the main parts of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church?

The main divisions of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church are the Diocese of Rome-Ruthenia and the Catholicate of
Rome-Ruthenia. Read about who the Church's people are here.

Q: I thought there was only one successor to each Apostle. How can there be more than one?

This is a common misunderstanding based on a simplified view of Church history.

In the earliest centuries of Christianity, the Apostles founded Churches in many places. Those Churches continued through bishops who preserved the faith and apostolic succession. Over time, certain major sees (for example, Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, Jerusalem) became patriarchates. But apostolic succession was never understood as a mathematical “one Apostle = one bishop forever.”

For example: St. Peter is historically connected to Rome and Antioch. Both Churches have always regarded themselves as Petrine successors. Likewise so is the Roman-Ruthenian Church by grant and recognition.  (See more about the Roman-Ruthenian Petrine succession here and here, as well as on this page.)

St. Mark founded the Church in Alexandria. Today both the Coptic Orthodox Pope and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria trace succession to him. St. Mark is also succeeded in Aquileia by the Roman-Ruthenian Pope (as Metropolitan) and in Venice by the Roman Catholic Patriarch.

In Armenia, there are both Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Catholic hierarchies tracing to the same apostolic foundation and likewise both claiming succession.

Similarly, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic (Uniate) Churches share apostolic roots in the same sees.

History shows that succession can continue in more than one ecclesial body, especially where divisions, political shifts, or jurisdictional reorganizations occurred. The key question is not “Which bishop owns the Apostle?” but: Who preserves the apostolic faith, sacramental life, and legitimate continuity of that inheritance? Hopefully all successors do.

Q: How does this relate to the United Roman-Ruthenian Church as successor to St. Peter?

The United Roman-Ruthenian Church does not claim to replace or abolish other Petrine sees, nor does it present itself as a counter-claimant in rivalry.

Rather, through apostolic succession, ecclesial grants, and historical recognitions, the URRC received custodial responsibility for the Petrine inheritance within the Latin Orthodox tradition — particularly in the historic territories of the Western Patriarchate and Holy Rus’. (See more about the Roman-Ruthenian Petrine succession here and here, as well as on this page.)

This is not invention, but consolidation: a gathering of ancient streams into a visible Orthodox-Catholic custodial Church preserving what was received.

Just as Rome and Antioch are both historically Petrine, and just as, for example, multiple Alexandrian successors coexist, the URRC understands its Petrine role as spiritual and custodial, rooted in Orthodox and Catholic continuity, and exercised without rivalry or denial of other apostolic bodies. Apostolic succession is not a monopoly, it is a stewardship.

Q: So are you “the only” successor of St. Peter?

No.

The Church has never authentically functioned on the principle of exclusive apostolic arithmetic. Multiple jurisdictions can share authentic succession when history, grants, and continuity support it.

The URRC does not exist in competition with the Vatican, Constantinople, Antioch, or any other patriarchate. Rather, it exists to preserve and renew the full Orthodox-Catholic inheritance entrusted to it, especially where that inheritance has been obscured, fragmented, or administratively altered.

Our claim is one of responsibility, not rivalry. Apostolic succession, properly understood, is not diminished by continuity in more than one place; it is diminished only when the apostolic faith itself is compromised.

Q: Is the United Roman-Ruthenian Church the temporal successor of St. Peter the Apostle? What about other Apostles? 

The United Roman-Ruthenian Church is in hereditary descent from Rome and Russia and is considered the temporal successor of St. Peter. St. John Paul II relinquished the temporal claims of the Bishops of Rome, except for those pertaining to Vatican City, while St. Benedict XVI renounced the Patriarchal title. The succession to the temporal heritage of Rome now rests with the United Roman-Ruthenian Church as the next-closest heir in recognised and documented succession from St. Leo X in the Holy Roman Empire. 

The United Roman-Ruthenian Church also has direct Apostolic succession from other key Apostles such as Andrew, Thomas, Thaddeus, and Bartholomew. It is an ethno-religious community that does not have its own political territory but functions as a separate entity -- a state unto itself. The Church represents people across various modern countries and holds historical claims to the Roman Empire as the temporal successor of St. Peter, granting it specific rights. The temporal heritage of the Church today form the Pontifical Imperial State of Rome-Ruthenia (see above). As a fully Orthodox and Catholic autocephalous (independent) institution, the United Roman-Ruthenian Church possesses equal authority to other independent Patriarchates, including the Roman Communion (Vatican).

Q: What liturgical rites are used by the United Roman-Ruthenian Church?

The United Roman-Ruthenian Church currently has four primary liturgical rites: the Gallo-Russo-Byzantine Rite, the Anglican-Byzantine Rite, the Anglo-Roman (Anglican) Rite, and the Gallo-Roman (Gallican) Rite. Usually any traditional Orthodox or Catholic liturgical rite may be used.

Q: What is the Pontifical Imperial State of Rome-Ruthenia?

In the rich tapestry of history, the states of the Church transcend time and hold great significance. The Pontifical Imperial State of Rome-Ruthenia is the titular secular wing of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church. It is the combination of the historic Pontifical Roman State and the Pontifical Kingdom of Ruthenia and All Rus' to which the Church is heir, carrying a legacy that spans centuries. 

To foster a sense of unity and represent all the historical territories associated with the patrimony of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church (which include various historic states, among which area an empire, three kingdoms, several principalities, and more), the modern name - Pontifical Imperial State of Rome-Ruthenia - was chosen. Uniting these historic states under one banner of fellowship strengthens the bonds of collective heritage within the United Roman-Ruthenian Church and writes a new chapter in their shared history. Despite our diverse backgrounds, we are all part of a greater whole. Today the Pontifical Imperial States stands as an ethno-religious cultural nation without political territory that constitutes a state unto itself, representing people across multiple modern political countries. Indeed, the Church does not seek political territory and leaves the governance of such territory to the governments of the respective modern civil states.  (See also Temporal Successor of St. Peter above.)

Historical and Canonical Legitimacy
Read more here.

Temporal Rights
Read more here.

The Roman-Ruthenian Papal Title
Read more here.

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Q: Why do the United Roman-Ruthenian Church and Pontifical Imperial State continue to use titles of nobility? 

In modern world, the use of titles of nobility may seem antiquated or pretentious to some. However, they provide a sense of tradition and continuity, linking the current church with both the past and the future. Critics argue that such titles are unnecessary in modern times, where meritocracy is often valued over inherited privilege. However, it is important to remember that these titles do not solely represent wealth or social standing. They symbolize dedication to service, devotion to faith, and commitment to upholding the principles upon which the Church was founded. (See also the Roman-Ruthenian Nobility Association.)

Q: Why does the United Roman-Ruthenian Church continue to claim the Pontifical Imperial State if it does not control any actual territory anymore? 

The Church's continued claim over the Pontifical Imperial State may seem puzzling to some, given that it no longer possesses any actual political territory. Historical significance, autonomy from secular authorities, diplomatic recognition, and protection of church assets all are contributing factors.

The Church's claim is rooted in its historical significance, for the Church still recognizes its historical connection and significance to the areas that once comprised the Pontifical Imperial State, even though they now belong to other modern political countries. Also, by maintaining its claim over the Pontifical Imperial State, the Church asserts its autonomy and independence from secular authorities. This symbolic declaration reinforces the Church's position as a sovereign entity and serves as a reminder of its spiritual authority. That allows the Church to maintain diplomatic relations with other entities, participate in international affairs, and to function as a sovereign state unto itself, despite lacking political territory. Furthermore, this claim acts as a safeguard against any possible challenges or encroachments on historical assets.

Q: What is the Holy Apostolic See of Saints Peter, Andrew, Stephen, and Mark? 

This name refers to the patron saints of the Prince-Bishop as Pope-Catholicos of Rome-Ruthenia and Supreme Pontiff of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church (the Apostles Peter and Andrew the First-Classed), the Diocese of Rome-Ruthenia (whose patron saint is St. Stephen the Apostle and Archdeacon), and the Metropolitan See of Aquileia (whose founder and patron saint is Saint Mark the Apostle and Evangelist). These are the diocesan and metropolitan jurisdictions of the Supreme Pontiff of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church.

Q: Is the Church in the United Nations?

The United Roman-Ruthenian Church is an autocephalous ecclesiastical sovereignty with an independent government. It is accredited with special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council

Q: Are you a canonical Orthodox and Catholic Church? 

Yes. We are a canonical Orthodox and Catholic Church through adherence to the historic and constant faith of the Church as taught by the saints and the Church Fathers (St. Vincent of Lerins) and the faith once delivered for all unto the saints (Jude 3). Neither affiliation with this See, nor with the Bishop of Rome, of Constantinople, or of any other ecclesiastical jurisdiction is required. We accept as canonical all who accept the traditional faith. Those who insist on being members of a particular "church club" (for example, communion with a particular patriarch) act against the unity of Christian people that Christ desires. 

Q: Who is the Apostolic Founder of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church? 

The United Roman-Ruthenian Church is not established by people, but rather it is part of the continuous Church founded founded by Jesus Christ. However, the Apostolic founder of our principle diocese is Saint Edwin Caudill. He brought his Anglican See (Diocese of the Southwest) into Orthodox and Catholic Apostolic heritage. That diocese evolved in time into the Diocese of Rome-Ruthenia. Find out more here. 

Q: Who are the Holy Fathers of the Apostolic See? 

Pope Saint Leo X and Saint Archbishop Aftimios Ofiesh are known as the two Holy Fathers of the Apostolic See. Find out more here. 

Q: Who are the Patron Saints of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church?

Diocese of Rome-Ruthenia
St. Stephen the Deacon and Protomartyr - 3 August and 26 December

Metropolitan See of Aquileia
St. Mark the Apostle - 25 April

United Roman-Ruthenian Church and Catholicate of Rome-Ruthenia
Sts. Peter and Andrew, Apostles - 29 June and 30 November

Pontifical Imperial State
Sts. Peter and Paul, Apostles - 29 June

Pontifical Kingdom of Ruthenia
St. George, Martyr - 23 April

Apostolic Founder
St. Edwin Caudill - 25 October

Holy Fathers
Pope St. Leo X and St. Archbishop Aftimios - 1 December and 24 July

Q: Are other churches or governments formally affiliated with the United Roman-Ruthenian Church? 

No, except where explicity stated. Although administratively independent and sovereign, the United Roman-Ruthenian Church embraces as brethren other Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican bodies, such as the current Roman Communion (commonly referred to as the Roman Catholic Church), the Anglican Ordinariate, Eastern Orthodox Churches, and the Anglican Communion. The governments of the modern republics of Italy, German, France, Switzerland, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and the United States, and of the modern kingdoms of Great Britain and Spain, as well as the European Union and all other civil states, are not affiliated with the Pontifical Imperial State government or the United Roman-Ruthenian Church.

Q: Who is the head of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church?

The Prince-Bishop of Rome-Ruthenia (Roman-Ruthenian Pope) is Supreme Pontiff of the United Roman-Ruthenian Church.

Q: Are your clergy married or celibate? 

A: Both states are permitted, both for bishops and other clergy, in accordance with the Apostolic Canons and early Church practices. For more information on canonical married bishops and clergy, please see this article. 

Q: The United Roman-Ruthenian Church uses certain customs. I thought only the Roman Pope could do such things? 

There seems to be a common misconception among many that only the Roman Pope can lay claim to certain traditions, vestments, titles, and so on. However, this belief couldn't be further from the truth. The reality is that there are other churches that maintain similar traditions due to their own unique heritage. The United Roman-Ruthenian Church has its own set of traditions, vestments, titles, and other ceremonial elements that are an integral part of its faith. 

Q: Why do some people (especially online) feel the need to put down Christians in other churches (so-called denominations)?

It is an unfortunate reality that some individuals feel the need to put down others in general. This is also seen in the form of insulting people in other churches (denominations). This behavior can stem from a variety of factors, including insecurity, a desire for superiority, and a lack of understanding or empathy. For example, when people feel unsure or uncertain about their own beliefs or practices, they may try to diminish those of others in an attempt to validate themselves. By putting down others, they hope to bolster their own sense of significance and confidence.

Also, some individuals believe that their church is the only correct one, leading them to see those who follow different paths as inferior or misguided. This belief can create a sense of self-righteousness and a need to assert dominance over others. This often goes along with a lack of understanding or empath. People may hold misconceptions about other churches due to limited exposure or biased information. Without taking the time to learn and empathize with different perspectives, individuals are more likely to resort to putting others down rather than engaging in meaningful dialogue.

In the United Roman-Ruthenian Church, we promote understanding and respect between Christian churches and even between religions. Education plays a vital role in breaking down stereotypes and fostering empathy among different groups. Additionally, cultivating an atmosphere of tolerance in Christian charity can help combat the need for superiority and promote both unity and personal growth.